Fig. 1

Map of sample locations. Large-scale (A) and smaller-scale sampling (B) of Prussian carp between 2019–2022. Filled symbols are locations where Prussian carp were detected; unfilled symbol represent sites that were surveyed but no Prussian carp were found. Panel (A) contains both citizen science (diamonds) and field survey reports (circles); panel (B) is based solely on field surveys (circles). See Table S1 for further information on sampling effort and fish caught