Multiple-biomarker approach in the assessment of bisphenol A effect on the grooved carpet clam Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Table 4 Statistical results of a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of histopathological semi-quantitative and quantitative parameters in Ruditapes decussatus digestive glands following exposure to bisphenol A (1 and 5 µg/L) concentrations for the experimental time of 21 days in comparing with a control group

Parameter	Source of variation	df	SS	MSS	F-value	p-value
Histopathological index	Between groups	2	1.291	0.645	217.383	< 0.001
	Within groups	12	0.036	0.003
	Total	14	1.326
Relative digestive tubule lumen and/or wall area (%)	Between groups	2	1196.0	598	180.1	< 0.001
	Within groups	12	39.9	3.3
	Total	14	11,999

All assumptions (e.g., normality, etc.) for statistical methods were met. Significant results (p ≤ 0.05) are highlighted in bold. df: degree of freedom, SS: sum of squares, MSS: mean sum of squares, F-value: Fisher’s function, and p-value: significance level

ISSN: 2056-3132