Fig. 3

Average of biomarker responses estimated in Ruditapes decussatus digestive gland after exposure to water-borne bisphenol A (1 and 5 µg/L) for 21 days in comparing with a control group. (A) malondialdehyde (MDA) level (nmol/mg protein), (B) reduced glutathione (GSH) level (µg/mg protein), (C) catalase (CAT) activity (U/mg protein), and (D) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (nmol/min/mg protein). Values are represented as mean ± SE; n = 3. Different letters ^{(a, b, and c)} indicate significant variations (p ≤ 0.05) among groups based on a one-way ANOVA test, followed by Tukey’s HSD test. Treatments vs. control group: * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, and *** p ≤ 0.001