Fig. 4

Post-anesthetic recovery, longevity, and mating of true armyworms (TAW) adults after CO2 exposure. a Full recovery time; (b) Longevity ratio (ratio of 1 represents 10.9 and 13.3 d for females and males, respectively); (c) Incidence of mating. Bars represent mean ± SE for n = 10 individuals. Bars not sharing similar letters are statistically different (α =0.05)